Showing posts with label creation. Show all posts
Showing posts with label creation. Show all posts

Thursday, June 29, 2017

SCIENCE AND THE BIBLE 1

Last year I was supposed to be giving a seminar on the topic of "Science and the Bible", but for various reasons it had to be cancelled. Some of my friends have asked me to send them the notes so I have decided to post them on my blog. There are three parts and this is the first. The others will follow at a later date.  

GOD AND THE THEORY OF EVERYTHING




PART A: THE REVELATION OF GOD IN NATURE

There have been many times when people have asked me “How can you be a born-again Bible-believing Believer in Yeshua (Jesus) and a Scientist?”  - as if these things are in some way fundamentally incompatible.

My answer is usually a wry “ How can you not!” – because to me, they are fundamentally inextricable. How can I believe in a Creator God and not study his Creation?  Conversely how can I study his Creation and not see God?

Is faith somehow opposed to reason? Is faith irrational – a blind leap into belief? I think not. My faith is based on my experience of the world, my understanding of the Universe, my empirical experience of that Universe and a personal revelation of God through a meeting with Yeshua. It is not blind. It is not irrational. It is a reasonable interpretation of the Universe which is borne out more and more as I study God’s revelation by means of science.  Even atheistic scientists are today, reluctantly, having to admit the possibility that the evidence is pointing towards the existence of God, because of some of the new discoveries they are making. 

The Bible teaches us that God is a God who wishes us to know him – not just know about him, but to actually know him intimately.  His self-revelation is essentially threefold:
1. The written record - Holy Scripture (the Bible)   - through the historical record of God’s dealings with humankind (especially his dealings with the people of Israel), the poetry and music of the Psalms, the wisdom literature and the prophetic word,
2. His incarnation as Yeshua, the Messiah – the living Word (see John 1:1), and the indwelling of the Holy Spirit,
3. His nature as revealed in God’s creation

It is this last revelation that I wish to focus on in this series of talks.  The Bible clearly teaches us that nature reveals the glory of God. The Psalmist wrote this:
The heavens declare the glory of God;
And the firmament shows His handiwork.
Day unto day utters speech,
And night unto night reveals knowledge.
There is no speech nor language
Where their voice is not heard.
Psalm 19: 1-3



When Job in his extreme suffering accused God of injustice (Job 29-32), God replied thus:
Listen to this, O Job;
Stand still and consider the wondrous works of God.

Do you know when God dispatches them,
And causes the light of His cloud to shine?
 Do you know how the clouds are balanced,
Those wondrous works of Him who is perfect in knowledge?
Job 37: 14- 16

And God challenges Job to consider God’s majesty and power as revealed in the created world:
 Then the Lord answered Job out of the whirlwind, and said:
 “Who is this who darkens counsel
By words without knowledge?
 Now prepare yourself like a man;
I will question you, and you shall answer Me.
 “Where were you when I laid the foundations of the earth?
Tell Me, if you have understanding.
 Who determined its measurements?
Surely you know!
Or who stretched the line upon it?
 To what were its foundations fastened?
Or who laid its cornerstone,
 When the morning stars sang together,
And all the sons of God shouted for joy? …
Job 38: 1- 7

 Job is thus silenced, and  he submits to God's awesome power and majesty:  

Moreover the Lord answered Job, and said:
 “Shall the one who contends with the Almighty correct Him?
He who rebukes God, let him answer it.”
 Then Job answered the Lord and said:
 “Behold, I am vile;
What shall I answer You?
I lay my hand over my mouth.
 Once I have spoken, but I will not answer;
Yes, twice, but I will proceed no further.”
Job 40: 1-5

In the face of God’s self-revelation in nature we have no excuse before him. Even if no one has ever taught us or if we have never read the Bible, indeed even if we are illiterate, whatever language we speak,  we can still know God for He is revealed in nature, if we have eyes to see.  What is more we are warned not to suppress this knowledge:

For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men, who suppress the truth in unrighteousness,  because what may be known of God is manifest in them, for God has shown it to them. For since the creation of the world His invisible attributes are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even His eternal power and Godhead, so that they are without excuse,  because, although they knew God, they did not glorify Him as God, nor were thankful, but became futile in their thoughts, and their foolish hearts were darkened.
                                                                  Romans 1: 18-21

In ancient times people were much more in touch with nature and consequently much more aware of the majesty and awesomeness of God than we are today. Today we mostly live in cities and have little connection with nature.  Most of us have never even seen the stars in all their glory, for there is too much light in our modern world. When I was growing up my playground was the stream, the trees, the ponds around our farm, my playmates were animals, and this intimate experience of nature caused me to contemplate the existence and character of the universe eventually leading me to a belief in a Creator God, whose wonder I clearly saw expressed in nature.  Today’s children are largely cut off from nature and many never have first-hand experience of the natural world. I have students who have never been outside of Jerusalem! How sad that is.  We as a society are thus being denied a powerful revelation of God.  It is even more tragic that many believers suppress that knowledge because of a fear of Science and its discoveries. 

It has not always been so. Many of the first scientists were monks. They had the literacy, the education and the time and money to carry out research. So how is it that many in the Church have come to oppose science? The religious establishment is a conservative force dedicated to preserving the Faith. It is therefore naturally suspicious of any ‘new’ knowledge, especially anything that appears to contradict existing understandings.

For example, when Galileo, in the 16th Century, came out in support of Copernicus’ theory that the Earth was not the center of the universe, and the Sun did not revolve around the Earth, he was considered a heretic, tried by the Roman Catholic Inquisition and forced to renounce his views. Galileo spent the last years of his life under house arrest, and his writings were banned.
The Catholic Church of Galileo’s day read passages like that of Psalm 19:4-6 (see below) literally to support the current theory of the time, that the Sun circled the Earth.
In them He has set a tabernacle for the sun,
 Which is like a bridegroom coming out of his chamber,
And rejoices like a strong man to run its race.
 Its rising is from one end of heaven,
And its circuit to the other end;
And there is nothing hidden from its heat

Psalm 19:4-6

Since that time however the sheer weight of scientific evidence for a sun-centered solar system has caused Christians to revise their interpretation of these verses. It is now understood by most that these verses are not to be taken literally but are poetic metaphor, as even the grammatical structure of the passage attests, for example the use of similes (like a bridegroom… like a strong man). It is clearly metaphorical, written from the understanding and viewpoint of the people of its time.  I doubt there are many Bible-believing Christians or Jews who still believe that the sun circles around the Earth. In the mid-19th century the Catholic Church had to admit its error and it rescinded its ban on Galileo’s published writings.

We can look back at this incident and shake our heads today, but I believe we are living at a time when many Bible-believing Christians are making similar mistakes.  In our own time Darwin’s Theory of Evolution and other new scientific theories have challenged our understandings of Scripture and have evoked similar knee-jerk reactions from many Bible-believing people.

What do we do when science appears to contradict the other revelations of God, especially the Bible? There is a perception that if there is a contradiction then either the Bible is wrong or the science is wrong.  This generates fear amongst Believers that somehow Science is a threat to their faith, and this in turn leads to a protective reaction. However there is a third possibility. Perhaps it is our interpretation of the Bible that needs revision – just as was the case in Galileo’s time. I believe in the Holy Scriptures. I believe they are the unerring word of God, and that every word in the Bible is true. I believe however that though Scripture is infallible, our interpretations of it often are not. There is much symbolism, metaphor, and poetry in the Bible. Some passages are clearly symbolic, some are clearly literal, but others are not easy to interpret. We need to approach these with an open mind and humility, and ask the Holy Spirit to help us rightly discern the truth in them. We need to accept the possibility that sometimes our traditional, received interpretations may be incorrect.

Of course it may also be that the Science is wrong. Scientific knowledge is not infallible. Our interpretations of evidence can be wrong. New evidence may overturn our theories. Scientists also need to exercise humility.

All honest scientists know that scientific observations and measurements can never infallibly prove anything to be correct. They can however prove something wrong. It takes only one confirmed, contradictory instance to prove a theory wrong, however we can never be sure that some new evidence will be discovered that will disprove our theory, thus we cannot ever be 100% sure our theory is correct.  Karl Popper, the father of the Philosophy of Science, gave us the famous raven example to explain this.
We can hypothesize that all ravens are black. We can then go out and test this hypothesis by observing, let’s say, 1000 ravens. If all 1000 ravens are black this tends to support the theory, but if we find even one raven that is not black then our theory is disproved. However even if all the ravens observed are black we can never know if the next raven we observe might not be ‘non-black’ – therefore we can never know for sure that our hypothesis is correct. New evidence in the future could always potentially disprove it.

Ironically it has recently been discovered that ravens are not black but have beautiful violet colors which are visible to birds but not to humans, who cannot see that part of the electromagnetic spectrum.  This is an example of how new technologies can give rise to new evidence that forces us to overturn our theories.

Not so long ago physicists thought they had more-or-less come to the end of their field. Newton’s Three Laws of Motion adequately explained all observable phenomena and generated accurate predictions.  However our technology subsequently improved and when scientists started studying the subatomic world of protons, neutrons and electrons, and the even smaller fundamental particles that make up these subatomic particles, they found that Newtonian physics didn’t work. A new theory had to be developed and Quantum Physics was born. Quantum Physics, and our new technologies, have led to an explosion of knowledge and understanding about our universe, which we are only beginning to explore, and which has shown us that the universe is much, much more complex and strange than we could ever have dreamed. New evidence is now coming to light which is causing some physicists to question the sufficiency of 'traditional' quantum physics and they are searching for an overreaching theory, the Theory of Everything, that will explain the whole universe. 

God has given every human being an insatiable desire to learn and understand our world. We are fundamentally curious.  We ask questions: Why? and How? and for What purpose? Science is all about trying to find answers to those questions.  Science does this by uncovering cause and effect relationships – this happens because this happens.  Every cause is also an effect, and we can construct cause and effect chains (or rather networks).

For example, if I ask why you were late to work today, you might answer that you had a flat tire. But then I can ask, why did you have a flat tire, and you might tell me that you ran over a nail. I could then ask why the nail was on the road, and you might say it fell off a passing truck – and so on and on.  If we trace cause and effect chains, further and further back towards the primary cause, it is inevitable that eventually we will encounter God.  Today Science is getting very close to this point. Scientists are in danger of having to admit that the best answer to the ‘whys’ and ‘hows’ of the universe is a creator God.


                                                                        https://vixstar1314.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/domino-effect.jpg

Science can only deal with the observable and measurable world and thus it is intrinsically limited.  However with our increasingly sophisticated instruments we have hugely expanded the part of the Universe that can be observed and measured. When I was born scientists did not know if there was anything beyond our galaxy, the Milky Way. Now we know that our galaxy, as vast as it is, with its around 2-4 billion stars, is only one of perhaps another 2 billion galaxies in the universe. The Hubble Space Telescope, launched in 1990, has sent us back images of deep space, giving us a view of the universe which we now know is much larger, and much older than we formerly believed. In the other direction, our microscopes and other instruments have revealed a smaller and smaller world and we are currently exploring the subatomic world, which is challenging many of our traditional perceptions of the universe. In the last hundred years there has been an explosion of scientific knowledge and this is forcing us all to revise our understandings of the world in which we live.

In the next lectures we will look at some of these new discoveries and their implications for our Faith. I want to put it to you that we have nothing to fear from these new scientific discoveries and theories. Rather we should embrace them, as more and more they point towards a great Creator who upholds the universe by his hand, and gives breathe to all living beings – just as his Word says. In fact I have found these new discoveries to be faith-building, rather than faith-destroying.



But now ask the beasts, and they will teach you;
And the birds of the air, and they will tell you;
 Or speak to the earth, and it will teach you;
And the fish of the sea will explain to you.
 Who among all these does not know
That the hand of the
Lord has done this…
Job 12: 7-9



PS. I apologize for formatting inconsistencies. It is the software doing this, not me!!! 

Sunday, December 20, 2015

OUR GOD IS AN AWESOME GOD

Blessed be the name of God forever and ever,
For wisdom and might are His.
And He changes the times and the seasons;
He removes kings and raises up kings;
He gives wisdom to the wise
And knowledge to those who have understanding.
He reveals deep and secret things;
He knows what is in the darkness,
And light dwells with Him.
 
Daniel 2: 20-22
 
As I rose to yet another beautiful, but tense, Jerusalem day this morning, I wondered what I could write about in my blog. It all starts to sound a bit repetitive, the terrorist incidents, incitement and tension. Sometimes it seems there is no light in all this, no hope of a better future. Its easy to begin to despair, lose faith and stop praying.
 
So it must have seemed to the Israelite captives of Babylon:  their Temple destroyed and looted, the city of  Jerusalem plundered and its inhabitants taken into captivity far away in the pagan city of Babylon. Where was their God? He must have seemed far away to them. Yet he had not abandoned them. He was preparing for them a great future and from amongst the captives he raised up Daniel and his friends, who did not despair, but put all their hope and trust in the God of their fathers. They prayed to their God, and He answered them with knowledge, revelation and wisdom, and at the right time He restored the people of Israel back to the Promised Land.
 
So let's not stop praying.
 
It helps sometimes to consider the awesomeness and majesty of our God. Nothing is impossible for him. 
 
Consider this: "In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth..." Genesis 1:1.  This simple sentence embodies things unimaginable and infinitely awesome.  Traditional Christian and Jewish theology has long taught us that God created the universe from nothing - even though in our human experience all things come from some pre-existing thing. But not the Universe. Modern scientific discoveries have confirmed this idea. Physicists now believe that for every particle of matter that exists, there is a particle of antimatter, and if a particle of matter comes together with a particle of antimatter they will annihilate each other. In other words, the sum total of all the matter in the Universe is zero. God separated out the matter from the antimatter and made the Universe as we know it.  How amazing it is to contemplate this - everything that exists in our world came from nothing, at the word of our God who created all things and sustains them.
 
 Just think a moment about the immensity of the Universe.
 
Our sun is a medium sized star on the Orion Arm of the vast galaxy we call the Milky Way.  There are somewhere between 100 billion and 400 billion stars in our galaxy. How many is a billion? Its impossible for us to imagine such a number. We cannot even imagine a million.
It would take us about 11.5 days to count to a million at a rate of one per second, no stops. So how many is a billion? It depends where you live. In some countries a billion is a million million, but in others it is a thousand million. It doesn't matter which billion you use, because we cannot really imagine either number. Yet given that it is estimated that there are at least 170 billion galaxies in the observable universe, each holding an average of some 100-400 billion stars, there are something like a septillion (10 followed by 24 zeros) stars in the observable universe. And beyond the observable universe? No one knows. 
 
 
Thousands of galaxies in a small part of the Universe as photographed by the Hubble Space Telescope
(each point of light is not a star but a galaxy)
 
The famous image above pictures that tiny part of the sky that could be blotted out by a sand grain on the end of your finger at arms length. If there are that many galaxies in such a small portion of the sky, how many are there all together? 
 
Its pretty hard to get any sense of the immense scale of the universe. Here is a YouTube clip that gives us a mind boggling idea (each circle represents a ten-fold increase in scale)

 
“There are one million grains of sand in a handful of sand… There are more stars in the universe than all the sand on the sand on all the beaches on Earth”
 
BBC  documentary “The Planets
 
And our God made them all!!!!! What an awesome God we have.  God in his discourse with Job, challenged him saying, 
 
Where were you when I laid the foundations of the earth?
Tell Me, if you have understanding.
 Who determined its measurements?
Surely you know!
Or who stretched the line upon it?
To what were its foundations fastened?
Or who laid its cornerstone,
 When the morning stars sang together,
And all the sons of God shouted for joy?
 
Job 38: 4-7
 
How sad it is that most of us never really look at the stars. Indeed most of us live in cities where there is so much light and air pollution it is impossible to see very many stars at all. A few years ago, I was in New Zealand and one cold, frosty night my sister-in-law and I went up onto a hilltop, far from any town or city, to try and photograph the Aurora Australis (the Southern Lights) which were playing at the time. I remember being 'blown away' by the multitude of stars in the sky and their incredible beauty. After years in the polluted northern hemisphere I had forgotten their splendor. I came home again with a renewed sense of God's majesty and power.
How amazing it is that this creator God, takes any interest at all in our puny human affairs. I can only echo King David, the friend of God, who cried out thus:
 
O Lord, our Lord,
How excellent is Your name in all the earth,
Who have set Your glory above the heavens!
 
When I consider Your heavens, the work of Your fingers,
The moon and the stars, which You have ordained,
 What is man that You are mindful of him,
And the son of man that You visit him?
For You have made him a little lower than the angels,
And You have crowned him with glory and honor.
Psalm 8: 1, 3-5
 
And yet, God does care for every one of us. Jesus said,
 
Are not two sparrows sold for a copper coin? And not one of them falls to the ground apart from your Father’s will.   But the very hairs of your head are all numbered.   Do not fear therefore; you are of more value than many sparrows.
 
Matthew 10: 29-31
 
 
As I am writing the Code Red sirens are sounding in the Western Galilee. So far three rockets have fallen in open areas near Nahariyah. There have been no casualties or damage as a result of this  volley. Presumably the rockets were fired by Hezbollah in Lebanon in response to the assassination last night of Samir Kuntar, a senior Hezbollah commander, in Beirut. Israel is being blamed for the assassination. Israeli is neither denying nor admitting to this accusation. In 1979 Kuntar and three other PLO terrorists infiltrated Israel via the beach in Nahariyah  and broke into the home of the Haran family. They kidnapped the father, Danny, and his 4 year old daughter, Einat, and took them to the beach where they killed them.  Haran's other daughter, Yael, aged two, was accidentally smothered to death as she and her mother, Smadar, hid from the terrorists in the apartment's crawl space. Kuntar was captured and was in an Israeli prison until a prisoner swap deal in 2008. He was welcomed in Beirut as a hero and he joined the terror organization, Hezbollah.   http://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Israeli-officials-praise-reports-that-terrorist-Samir-Kuntar-killed-in-Syria-437840 News is now coming in that Israel has retaliated by firing rockets into Lebanon. Now we will wait and see if this incident will escalate further.

Meanwhile, over the last week, we have also continued to suffer terrorist attacks here in Jerusalem and elsewhere. On Tuesday I was driving home thinking to myself (foolishly!) that things seemed to be calming down here in Jerusalem, when news came in of a 'vehicular attack' near the Strings Bridge, at the entrance to Jerusalem. A terrorist had rammed his car into a group of people waiting at a bus stop and injured 8, including a pregnant woman and her 18 month old son. The little boy's foot was severed and later had to be amputated below the knee. 

The aftermath at the site of the attack near the Strings Bridge (the car also struck a water hydrant)
http://www.jpost.com/HttpHandlers/ShowImage.ashx?ID=321071


Yesterday another attack took place in Ranaana when a terrorist  stabbed people at a synagogue, injuring three, one seriously. Last night a group of armed Palestinians fired at an IDF post but there were no casualties. Today a woman attempted to attack a soldier outside Hebron but she was shot and captured. A tourist was also stabbed in Beit Sahour, near Bethlehem, today but it transpired it was criminal rather than political, a result of an argument over money.

And so it goes on - day after day. Please keep praying for us, and especially for those who have been injured and affected personally by all these attacks. Pray for our police, soldiers and rescue services who daily put their lives at risk to protect us all. Pray especially for one of my students, aged only 16,  who was amongst the ' MADA (ambulance service) first responders' at the Strings Bridge attack, and is suffering trauma as a result. Keep praying that God will watch over our borders, cover us and protect us from all our enemies. Pray too for our enemies who have raised themselves up against God. They may win a few battles but in the end they will face judgment. God has decreed it.  Daniel rightly said, "He removes kings and raises up kings".  Whatever our enemies may plan against us, God is for us and He is all powerful.

Why do the nations rage,
And the people plot a vain thing?
 The kings of the earth set themselves,
And the rulers take counsel together,
Against the Lord and against His Anointed, saying,
 “Let us break Their bonds in pieces
And cast away Their cords from us.”
 He who sits in the heavens shall laugh;
The Lord shall hold them in derision.
Then He shall speak to them in His wrath,
And distress them in His deep displeasure:
“Yet I have set My King
On My holy hill of Zion.”
 
Psalm 2: 1-6
 
Hallelujah, God has set His King, Yeshua the Messiah, upon the Holy Hill of Zion. It is already done in the heavenlies, and one day soon the King will return to establish his holy kingdom on Earth and bring peace to all men.
HALLELUJAH

Saturday, October 18, 2014

  


 
 
This week we here in Israel, and Jews all over the world, celebrated the Holiday of Succot (the Feast of Tabernacles), a holiday in which we are commanded, among other things, to 'be happy' before the LORD.
 
The Lord spoke to Moses, saying: 34 Speak to the people of Israel, saying: On the fifteenth day of this seventh month, and lasting seven days, there shall be the festival of booths to the Lord. 35 The first day shall be a holy convocation; you shall not work at your occupations. 36 Seven days you shall present the Lord’s offerings by fire; on the eighth day you shall observe a holy convocation and present the Lord’s offerings by fire; it is a solemn assembly; you shall not work at your occupations.
 
Now, the fifteenth day of the seventh month, when you have gathered in the produce of the land, you shall keep the festival of the Lord, lasting seven days; a complete rest on the first day, and a complete rest on the eighth day. 40 On the first day you shall take the fruit of majestic trees, branches of palm trees, boughs of leafy trees, and willows of the brook; and you shall rejoice before the Lord your God for seven days. 41 You shall keep it as a festival to the Lord seven days in the year; you shall keep it in the seventh month as a statute forever throughout your generations. 42 You shall live in booths for seven days; all that are citizens in Israel shall live in booths, 43 so that your generations may know that I made the people of Israel live in booths when I brought them out of the land of Egypt: I am the Lord your God.
 
Leviticus 23: 33-36,39-43.
On the last day of the Feast, Jews in every synagogue dance around carrying the Torah Scrolls. It is a time of great joy, rejoicing in the fact that the LORD has given us revelation of Himself in the Torah.

 
This day, Simchat Torah (the Rejoicing of the Torah) also marks the end of the annual cycle of Torah readings and the beginning of a new cycle. This week's Torah portion begins with the first words of the Torah:
In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.   Genesis 1:1
This passage reminds me of the fact that God did not only reveal himself in the Torah and the other writings of the Bible, but he also left his signature on creation itself. 
 For since the creation of the world His invisible attributes are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even His eternal power and Godhead, so that they are without excuse...
Romans 1:20 
But now ask the beasts, and they will teach you;
And the birds of the air, and they will tell you;
Or speak to the earth, and it will teach you;
And the fish of the sea will explain to you.
Who among all these does not know
That the hand of the Lord has done this...
Job 12: 7-9

 
As a science teacher I seek to impart to my students a sense of awe and wonder in the contemplation of the created world. Recently I have been teaching a 6th grade class space science and was reminded once more of the awesome magnificence,  and the unimaginable scale, of the universe.
 
There are one million grains of sand in a handful of sand… There are more stars in the universe than all the sand on the sand on all the beaches on Earth.   BBC " The Planets"
http://badmuslim.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/sand.jpg
 And the God whom I worship made all this. It is truly mind blowing. I believe that when we take time to contemplate the glory and beauty of our world, we will draw closer to God. For this reason I see it as entirely appropriate that many so-called secular Israelis take the opportunity of our holidays to go out into nature, picnicking and hiking, in our beautiful land.




 
 

When Job in his distress poured out his complaint to the LORD, He answered Job thus:
Who is this who darkens counsel
By words without knowledge?
Now prepare yourself like a man;
I will question you, and you shall answer Me.

“Where were you when I laid the foundations of the earth?
Tell Me, if you have understanding.
Who determined its measurements?
Surely you know!
Or who stretched the line upon it?
To what were its foundations fastened?
Or who laid its cornerstone,
When the morning stars sang together,
And all the sons of God shouted for joy?
Job 38: 2-7

I have lived now over 30 years in Israel and  there is something in the  Israeli psyche which have come to admire deeply.  I have seen it  over and over again, and that is the ability  to choose life and find joy especially at the darkest moments of death and loss, of war and terror.  At such times there is always an acknowledgement that the greatest victory we can have over our enemies is to grasp life and live it to its fullest. From whence comes this strength? I believe it is born of a deep belief in a good God, who has given us life, who cares about us and will fulfill all his promises in the end.

Consider the works of God's hands and rejoice!!!! Here are some photos I have taken of this beautiful land - the side you do not see on the news.

Wadi Zin

Almonds at Ein Sataf

Love in the Mist at Netanya Winter Pond


Montfort
Anenomes in the Negev Desert in Spring
 
Dor Beach
Soreq Caves

 


HALLELUJAH - FOR GOD CREATED ALL THESE AND MORE  !!!